Infrastructure

Energy

The global energy system is rapidly shifting towards cleaner and more resilient sources. Global electricity demand is increasing by over 3 per cent annually, driven by electrification of transport, expansion of data centres, and rising cooling demand. Renewable energy is expected to meet most of this additional demand, according to the International Energy Agency's Electricity Mid Year Update 2025.

India plays a central role in the global clean energy transition and in global efforts with respect to Global Warming. India has committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2070.

Power Sector - Indian scenario

India is projected to post the fastest electricity demand growth among major economies through 2026, driven by rising industrial activity, expanding cooling needs, and continued economic development (IEA's Electricity Mid-Year Update, 2025). The national grid has an installed capacity of 4,62,002 MW as on December 31, 2024. In India, electricity from thermal energy is the dominant source of power. It constitutes nearly 53 per cent of the total installed capacity in the country. The contribution of electricity generation from different sources is given in Table 11.2.1. Recently, renewable sources have emerged as the second largest electricity source, relegating hydroelectric power to the third position.

Table 11.2.1
Installed Generation Capacity (MW) in India as on 31.12.2024

Sl.No	Fuel	Installed Capacity(MW) as on 31.12.2024	per cent
1	Thermal	2,44,377	53
2	Renewable Sources	1,62,477	35
3	Hydro	46,968	10.2
4	Nuclear	8,180	1.8
	Total	4,62,002

Source:Annual Report 2024-25, Ministry of Power, GoI

In the sector-wise breakup of total energy generation as given in Table 11.2.2, as on December 31, 2024, the contribution of the State sector is 1,09,007 MW (23.6 per cent), Central sector is 1,05,113 MW (22.8 per cent), and private sector is 2,47,882 MW (53.6 per cent).

Table 11.2.2.
Installed Generation Capacity (MW) in India as on 31.12.2024, Sector wise

Sl.No	Sector	Installed Capacity(MW) as on 31.12.2024	per cent
1	Central Sector	1,05,113	22.8
2	State Sector	1,09,007	23.6
3	Private Sector	2,47,882	53.6
	Total	4,62,002

Source:Annual Report 2024-25, Ministry of Power, GoI

Power Sector in Kerala

Kerala was included in the 'Achiever' category as per the State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2024, published by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India. According to the report, in the State of Kerala, 74 per cent of its agricultural pumps are energy-efficient or solar-powered, demonstrating a strong commitment to clean energy adoption in the sector. By 2040, Kerala plans to rely solely on renewable energy, and by 2050, it seeks to become a net-carbon-neutral State.

Energy occupies a central position in Kerala's development efforts. Major focus is on energy security, energy quality and efficiency, scientific management and safety. The energy sector has been taking concrete efforts towards green transition. The State's proactive measures, including renewable energy adoption and infrastructure enhancements, are considered pertinent in ensuring a stable and sustainable power supply. This silver lining must be seen amidst various challenges faced by Kerala's power sector, including rising demand, inadequate generation, infrastructural challenges, climate vulnerabilities and other financial pressures. The State's focus is on ensuring a reliable, affordable, decentralised and environmentally sustainable energy future. The growth of the power system in Kerala in the last three years is given in Appendix 11.2.1.

Power development activities in the State are carried out mainly through four agencies, namely, Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL), Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT), Electrical Inspectorate, and Energy Management Centre (EMC).

Power Availability

In Kerala, power supply comes from central stations, private generators, power exchanges, and internal sources including stations owned by Kerala State Electricity Board Ltd (KSEBL), Independent Power Producers (IPPs), Captive Power Plants (CPPs), and prosumers. Details are given in Table 11.2.3.

Table 11.2.3
Energy sources and quantum procured during 2024-25

Sl.No.	Particulars		Energy (MU)
1	Gross generation KSEBL	A	7,393.77
2	Power purchase from CGS at Kerala periphery	B	11,565.82
3	Power purchase through long term/medium term/short term contracts/swap at Kerala periphery	C	13,129.84
4	Total power purchase from IPPs/CPPs inside the State	D	1,590.65
5	Total power purchase at Kerala periphery	E=B+C+D	26,286.3
6	Energy injected by Private IPPs at generated end for sale outside the State through open access	F	77.16
7	Energy availed through open access at Kerala Periphery	G	453.64
8	Auxiliary consumption	H	115.08
9	EXPORT-Energy sales by KSEBL,SWAP Return by KSEBL and Energy injected by Private IPP's at KSEB periphery for sale outside the State through open access	I	1,789.64
10	Total energy input to Kerala periphery for meeting the consumption of the State including energy wheeled through open access	J=A+E+F+G-H-I	32,306.15

Source:KSEBL

Power Demand

The State's electricity demand is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.1 per cent from 2023-24 to 2029-30, as per the forecast by the 20th Electric Power Survey India (Source: Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, GoI).

The State's all-time maximum peak demand and power consumption was reported in 2024-25, with highest daily consumption reaching a record of 115.95 MU. Peak demand of the State in 2024-25 was 5,797 MW (on May 2, 2024), a 9.3 per cent increase from 5,301 MW the peak demand in 2023-24. In 2024-25, the morning peak demand was 4,515 MW, and the day peak demand was 5,111 MW.

Pattern of Power Consumption

The electrical energy consumption in Kerala has increased to 29,311.76 MU (including open access consumers, and including consumption against captive generation) in 2024-25, from 28,360.25 MU in 2023-24. This is an increase of 3.36 per cent. This indicates steady growth in power demand, reflecting economic development and increased consumer usage across the State. Electrical energy consumption in Kerala from 2020-21 to 2024-25 is given in Figure 11.2.1.

Figure 11.2.1
Electrical energy consumption in Kerala from 2020-21 to 2024-25

Source: KSEBL

The total number of consumers as on March 31, 2025 was 1,40,71,621, with 1,06,18,663 (75.5 per cent) domestic-LT and 26,78,406 (19.03 per cent) commercial-LT users. KSEB has sold 28,544.05 MU power, which includes its own consumers, sales outside State and also sale to other bulk licensees. The contribution of the domestic-LT sector to consumption was 48.6 per cent, and that of commercial-LT establishments was 17.5 per cent. The contribution of the industrial-LT category (which comes to 1.1 per cent of total consumers) was 4.6 per cent and overall HT and EHT was 21.29 per cent.

An amount of Rs 20,861.21 crore was collected as revenue from the sale of power to various categories in 2024-25. Revenue from domestic-LT, industrial-LT and commercial-LT sectors was 37.9 per cent, 5.1 per cent and 26.3 per cent, respectively. The details of category-wise power consumption and revenue collected in 2024-25 are furnished in Appendix 11.2.2.

Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT & C) Losses data

Kerala has achieved commendable success in reducing Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses in recent years. This indicates efficient power management and infrastructure upkeep. While Kerala has achieved sustained reduction in AT&C and T&D losses through efficiency improvements, year-to year variations are influenced by demand growth, peak load conditions, and system loading, which also affect the quantum and cost of power purchase. The T&D loss decreased from 10.32 per cent in 2020-21 to 9.27 per cent in 2022-23. With a significant increase in peak demand, the T&D loss increased to 9.7 per cent in 2023-24. However, this reduced to 9.27 per cent in 2024-25, reflecting sustained efforts towards efficient power management and robust infrastructure maintenance. The impact of AT&C loss reduction during the last five years is shown in Appendix 11.2.3 and Figure 11.2.2 illustrates the T&D loss from 2020-21 to 2024-25.

Figure 11.2.2
Transmission and Distribution (T&D) loss (2020-21 - 2024-25), in per cent

Source: KSEBL

Generation

The power generation landscape in the State includes hydroelectric, thermal, wind and solar plants. Total installed capacity of power in the State as on March 31, 2025 is 4,412.14 MW, of which, hydel power contributed the major share of 2,284.42 MW (51.8 per cent); while 1,519.66 MW was contributed by solar power (34.4 per cent), 536.54 MW (12.2 per cent) from thermal and 71.53 MW from wind (1.6 per cent). Appendix 11.2.4 gives the details of energy source and its installed capacity during the last five years, while sector-wise details are presented in Appendix 11.2.5 . Figure 11.2.3 highlights the total installed capacity of Kerala from hydel, thermal, and renewable sources.

Figure 11.2.3
Total Installed capacity (MW) in Kerala in 2024-25 (in per cent)

Source: KSEBL

Of the total installed capacity of 4,412.14 MW in 2024-25, the contribution of State sector is 2409.8 MW (54.6 per cent), central sector is 359.6 MW (8.1 per cent), and private sector is 1642.7 MW (37.2 per cent). Figure 11.2.4 shows sector-wise details on installed capacity and the details of surplus power during the last five years are shown in Appendix 11.2.6.

Figure 11.2.4
Total Installed capacity (MW) in Kerala in 2024-25, sector wise (in per cent)

Source: KSEBL

The total installed capacity of the Kerala State Electricity Board Limited, as on 31.03.2025, is 2,409.8 MW. This is generated by 44 hydel stations of capacity 2,196.4 MW, two thermal plants of 160 MW, solar plants of 51.4 MW, and one wind farm of 2.0 MW. Due to the high production costs associated with power generation, KSEB does not rely on thermal plants for daily electricity needs. Details are shown in Table 11.2.4.

Table 11.2.4
KSEB Internal Generation

Sl.No.	Particulars	Capacity as on 31.3.2025 (MW)	Total Internal Generation in 2024-25 (MU)
1	2	3	4
1	Hydel	2,196.4	7,343.8
2	Thermal	160	1.5
3	Solar	51.4	47.38
4	Wind	2.0	1.0
Total		2,409.8	7,393.77

Source:KSEBL

The details of nine ongoing hydroelectric generation projects with installed capacity of 127.54 MW executed by KSEB are given in Appendix 11.2.7 and the list of existing Small Hydro Projects owned by KSEBL is presented in Appendix 11.2.8.

Transmission

Kerala has 435 transmission substations with 14,803.44 circuit km lines having 26,551.6 MegaVolt-Ampere (MVA) total transformation capacity, of which 6 stations (1,813.9 Ckm) are owned by Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL), as on March 31, 2025.

In 2024-25, six substations including three 110 kV and three 33 kV substations were commissioned, which added an additional 79.29 circuit km of transmission lines with 199.4 net MVA capacity added.

Transgrid 2.0

The Transgrid 2.0 project is aimed at strengthening Kerala's power transmission infrastructure to meet the growing energy demand of the State, improve grid reliability, minimize transmission losses and thereby enhance the overall efficiency of the power grid. All 12 substations targeted in the first phase of the Transgrid 2.0 project (2017-23) have been commissioned, with around 1,766 circuit km of lines completed.

Kerala's transmission infrastructure as on March 31, 2025 and details on substations and lines completed in 2024-25 are given in Appendix 11.2.9 and Appendix 11.2.10.

Distribution

The distribution network as on March 31, 2025 has 68,576 circuit km of 11 kV & 22 kV lines, 3,07,674 circuit km of LT lines, and 92,203 distribution transformers with step down capacity of 11,323 MVA.

In the distribution sector, 856 kms of HT lines and 3,751 kms of LT lines were constructed, and 2,554 new distribution transformers were installed in 2024-25. The number of new service connections during the year was 3,19,338. The target and achievement of the distribution infrastructure during 2024-25 are given in Appendix 11.2.11.

Performance of Power Sector Agencies in 2024-25

Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL)

Kerala State Electricity Board Limited is a power utility company incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 (Central Act 1 of 1956). It is fully owned by the Government of Kerala, under the provisions of Section 131 of the Electricity Act 2003 by re-vesting (under sub section (2) of Section 131 and 133 of the Act) the functions, properties, interest, rights, liabilities, proceedings and personnel with the State Government from the erstwhile Kerala State Electricity Board. It is responsible for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in the State, with the specific mandate to provide electricity at affordable prices for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use.

Box 11.2.1
"Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)" Initiative

Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL), in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), has initiated a 'Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Pilot Study'. The project aims to explore the feasibility and operational potential of bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) charging systems that enable EVs not only to draw power from the grid but also to supply it back. This innovative initiative is expected to support peak load management, renewable energy integration, frequency regulation, and overall grid resilience, thereby contributing to a more flexible and sustainable power system.

The project will be implemented in two phases:

Phase I: Conducting a comprehensive technical feasibility study to identify potential V2G applications, suitable locations, and regulatory requirements.
Phase II: Deployment of V2G infrastructure, integration with the distribution network, and performance evaluation.

The outcomes of this initiative will form a replicable and scalable model for wider V2G adoption across Kerala and India.

The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between KSEBL and IIT Bombay for the execution of this project was signed on 11th July 2025 at Vydyuthi Bhavanam, Thiruvananthapuram. This collaboration reflects KSEBL's continued commitment to advancing innovative technologies and strengthening sustainability in the power sector.

Similar model is being adopted by ANERT. A pilot project was initiated jointly with India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) by ANERT during May 2025 and inaugurated by Hon'ble Minister for Electricity in July 2025. One electric car was converted to work in V2G mode and necessary grid-interface equipment installed in ANERT Headquarters.

Source: KSEB/ANERT

Major Achievements of KSEB in 2024-25 are as follows:

40 MW Thottiyar HEP was commissioned in 2024-25.
60 MW Pallivasal Extension Scheme with an annual generation capacity of 153.90 MU was synchronized to grid.
In the distribution sector, 856 kms of HT lines and 3,751 km of LT lines were added.
KSEBL added substantial solar capacity of 566.63 MW to the grid.
Provided 14,167 BPL connections and electrified six tribal nagars.
6 substations (3 nos of 110 kV and 3 nos of 33 kV) and 93.588 ckm lines were charged during 2024-25.
KSEBL has identified five Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) projects with a total capacity of 250 MW/1000 MWh. In 2024-25, a 125 MW/500 MWh BESS at the 220 kV Substation in Mylatti, Kasaragod was awarded. Tenders have been floated for the remaining 125 MW/500 MWh across four locations.
KSEB achieved a profit of Rs 571.22 crore in 2024-25.
The State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) employed Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) based tools to improve demand forecasting during the year.
The Electric Vehicle (EV) Accelerator Cell was formally set up in December 2024. It coordinates and facilitates various EV charging initiatives across Kerala.

Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT)

Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT) is an autonomous body under the Power Department, GoK. ANERT is the nodal agency for the implementation and propagation of non-conventional sources of energy, rural technologies and promoting the idea of Carbon-neutral governance for government institutions with renewable energy and electric-mobility in the State. It is also the nodal agency for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE), GoI, to carry out the Central Government programmes in Kerala. Major achievements of ANERT are as follows:

Solar Projects for the public
- Green Income Scheme: - 1700 LIFE Mission houses were solarised under the Green Income Scheme, envisaged to provide free grid-connected solar power plants to economically weaker families. Each house has a solar power plant with a capacity of 2-3 kW. This project is unique in that in addition to providing free electricity to the houses of the disadvantaged, the households also get a small income through the sale of excess electricity to the grid.
- Solar electrification of tribal unnathies: - Programme implemented in 3 unnathies in Palakkad and 1 unnathi in Wayanad district. Hybrid power plants with 1 kW solar panels and 500 kW wind turbines were installed in each house, electrifying houses of 60 families in Palakkad and 10 families in Wayanad. Additionally, 30 solar street lights were installed in the Palakkad unnathies.
- PM KUSUM Project: - As part of PM KUSUM project, ANERT aims to solarise agricultural pumps. A total of 2,425 installations were completed. In 2024-25, a total of 1,517 agricultural pumps with a generating capacity of 4.554 MW were solarised.
Solar Projects for the public building
- RESCO Project: - Installed solar power plants (600 kW capacity) in four institutions under the Kerala Agricultural University under RESCO project.
- Solar City Project: - Under the Solar City project, funded by Smart City, a total capacity of 17.1 MW has been installed in 514 public buildings in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation area.
- Pilot installation of Battery Energy Storage System: - A Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) with a capacity of 100 kW / 150 kWh was installed as a pilot project at ANERT's central office.
- Solarisation of Anganawadis: - Solar power plants with a capacity of 2 kW each have been set up in 90 anganwadis in Chittoor constituency in Palakkad district.
- ANERT installed solar power plants with a total capacity of 5.315 MW in 254 institutions as deposit work. This includes off-grid, hybrid and grid-connected power plants. In addition, 320 solar street lights have also been installed.
Green Hydrogen Projects
- Hydrogen Valley Innovation Cluster (HVIC): Kerala was selected as one of four states under DST's Hydrogen Valley Innovation Cluster to develop green hydrogen infrastructure and pilot projects supporting carbon-neutrality goals.
- Pilot projects in the transport sector: A pilot project by ANERT under the National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to introduce hydrogen powered vehicles in Kerala, including hydrogen internal combustion (HICE) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV)with two refuelling stations, implemented in collaboration with Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.(BPCL) and Kerala State Road Transport Corporation(KSRTC).
- Green Hydrogen Hub in Kochi: Roadmap for Kochi Green Hydrogen Cluster prepared (with GIZ).The project envisages a capital investment of Rs 18,542 crore.
e-Mobility Projects
- A total number of 216 vehicles have been provided in 25 departments and 50 offices under Lease Contract of E-Car Project to Government Departments.
- Implemented a pilot Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scheme enabling electricity supply from EV batteries back to the grid.
- Installed 17 nos of new fast charging stations on major roads, increasing the total to 37 stations. Of these, 4 are solar charging stations, bringing the total solarised stations to 17.

Energy Management Centre (EMC)

Energy Management Centre (EMC) is the State-designated agency of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, MoP, GoI for promoting/implementing energy conservation activities in order to enhance efficient energy management in the State. EMC also promotes small/mini/micro hydel schemes. The Small Hydro Promotion (SHP) Cell constituted by GoK under the Power Department is also attached to EMC, to give impetus for the development of SHPs through private participation. EMC is also the nodal agency for the 'Go Electric' campaign, promoting electric vehicles, electric cooking, and other green energy solutions. Major achievements in 2024-25 are given below:

The efforts of EMC paved the way for the State to achieve second position in the Energy Efficiency Index at the National level.
"AnganJyoti"project has been successfully implemented in 2,387 Anganwadis across 91 Local Self-Governments (LSGs), setting a benchmark in sustainable development and clean energy transition at the grassroots level. The project has earned global recognition as a model for carbon-free self-sufficiency in community institutions.
The "Sustainable Transport for Rural Entrepreneurs through Electric Cycles" (STREE) initiative, under the "Go Electric" campaign, distributed 600 subsidised e-cycles to SHG women in Palakkad and Kannur to promote electric mobility.
As part of Smart Electric Kitchen initiative, country's first carbon-neutral electric kitchen project for large-scale mid-day meal preparation in Government schools has been successfully implemented, benefiting 500 students.
The "Kulirma" initiative promotes cool roof technology to reduce indoor heat and energy use. Coatings were applied in 32 Anganwadis and one Government school.
EMC upgraded 13 Government buildings, including Secretariat Annex I, and completed audits in 160 Government buildings and 4 Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) under the "Urjjayan" project
Under the "Chaithanyam" initiative, 31
Government Health Centres in the Vamanapuram Assembly Constituency were retrofitted with efficient appliances, and energy audits were conducted in other facilities.
Conducted investment-grade energy audits for eight plastic units in Ernakulam to promote energy efficiency among MSMEs.
Identified 10 potential sites for Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Projects (PSPs) and conducted pre-feasibility studies at five locations to strengthen energy stability in Kerala.
The Energy Meter Calibration Lab of EMC calibrated a total of 5,399 different types of energy meters.

Department of Electrical Inspectorate

The Department of Electrical Inspectorate and Meter Testing and Standards Laboratory (MTSL) carries out safety inspections and sanctions energisation for all HT/EHT and other medium voltage installations in the State. The motto of the Meter Testing and Standards Laboratory (MTSL) is to provide testing and calibration of various types of electrical equipment. The Department also conducts enquiries into all electrical accidents occurring in the State.

Electrical Accidents

A total number of 455 electrical accidents that affected humans or animals were reported in the State in 2024-25. Details are shown in Table 11.2.5.

Table 11.2.5
Electrical Accidents- Human/Animals affected in 2024-25, in Number

Sl.No.	Reasons	Human		Animals		Total
Sl.No.	Reasons	Fatal	Non-Fatal	Fatal	Non-Fatal
1	Snapping of conductors	12	8	35	0	55
2	Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment	116	71	16	1	204
3	Violation /neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision	29	35	2	0	66
4	Defective appliances/apparatus /tools	26	3	4	0	33
5	Inadequate/lack of maintenance	2	0	4	0	6
6	Unauthorised work	8	8	1	0	17
7	Others(Temporary extensions, P&T crossings ,misuse etc)	48	15	11	0	74
	Total*	241	140	73	1	455

*Figures indicates the number of human/animal affected and not number of accidents
Source: Department of Electrical Inspectorate

Appendix 11.2.12 gives a comparison of electrical accidents in the State in the last 5 years, and district wise details are given in Appendix 11.2.13.

Achievements in 2024-25

Electrical Safety Awareness Programme has been conducted throughout the State.
The department has maintained the SEVOTTAM certification as per IS 15700:2018 awarded by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
Nine Regional Meter Testing Laboratories got NABL accreditation for electro technical calibration in energy parameters.
Electrical Safety Week - 2025 was organised across the state. As part of the safety awareness initiatives, the department conducted various competitions on electrical safety for high school students.
Exhibitions were conducted across the state as part of the 'Ente Keralam' initiative and also as part of the Electrical Safety Awareness Programme.
An amount of Rs 3.40 crore has been received as testing fee from Meter Testing and Standards Laboratory and Regional Labs.
In 2024-25, 12,022 new electrical installations were inspected and certified, while 1,12,101 existing installations underwent periodic safety inspections. A total revenue of
Rs 47.62 crore was generated through inspection fees.
The Department has made a revenue of Rs 90.02 crore in 2024-25(excluding duties from KSEBL).

Kerala State Electricity Regulatory Commission (KSERC)

The Kerala State Electricity Regulatory Commission is a quasi-judicial statutory organisation responsible for maintaining a fair, transparent, and objective regulatory system in the power sector of the State. The major function of the Commission is to issue licenses and determine the tariffs for generation, transmission, distribution and retail sale of electricity in the State. It is also vested with other functions such as regulating electricity purchase and procurement process, approval of power purchase agreements of distribution licensees in the State, facilitate intra-State transmission and wheeling of electricity, resolving disputes among licensees/generating companies, issues relating to tariff and determination of compensation as per the provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003.

Electricity Ombudsman

Electricity Ombudsman is a statutory authority appointed by the Commission under sub-section (6) of Section 42 of the Electricity Act, 2003, to settle grievances of consumers, aggrieved by non-redressal of their grievances by the Consumer Grievance Redressal Forum. A total number of 147 petitions were disposed of during 2024-25.

Consumer Grievances Redressal Forum (CGRF)

CGRF has been set up under the Electricity Act 2003, for the redressal of the grievances of the consumers by all distribution licensees in the State. KSEB had set up three consumer grievance redressal forums for settling the disputes or grievances of consumers. A total number of 525 petitions were disposed of by the forum during the period 2024-25(up to August 2025).

Consumer Advocacy Cell (CAC)

Consumer Advocacy Cell is formed for creating awareness among the consumers about the power sector and the regulatory process thereby ensuring consumer participation in the electricity regulatory process. CAC aims to empower consumers to participate effectively in the regulatory process, to act as a clearing house of information on electricity issues, to arrange workshops and training programmes for consumer groups, and to publish pamphlets and other informative materials. Compliance examiner is entrusted with the responsibilities relating to consumer advocacy, consumer protection, and awareness initiatives of the Commission.

Challenges of the sector

Climate and disaster resilience: Natural disasters and environmental constraints increase project costs and highlight the need for climate-resilient planning.
Renewable energy integration: Integrating renewables poses technical, financial, and grid stability challenges.
Capacity expansion: Growing electricity demand requires increased generation capacity and reliable power supply.
Regulatory and human resource gaps: Regulatory delays and skill shortages hinder timely project execution and modernisation.

Way Forward

Kerala, having achieved full electrification, is now focused on strengthening energy security, expanding renewable energy, and promoting environmental sustainability. Key priorities include grid modernisation, green hydrogen development, decentralised energy generation, and scaling-up energy efficiency across sectors. Mobilising green finance and investing in advanced technologies and skilled manpower will be crucial for achieving the State's targets of 100 per cent renewable energy by 2040 and carbon neutrality by 2050.