English മലയാളം

Infrastructure

---

Transport

India has the second largest road network in the world. Road transport is the preferred mode for freight and passenger movement due to its wide reach and last mile connectivity. The system plays a vital role in economic development and social integration. Road transport also functions as a feeder service that supports rail, shipping, and air transport.

Road Network in India

Road network has been growing over the years with improvement in connectivity between cities, towns and villages in the country. India's road network comprises of National Highways, Expressways, State Highways, District Roads, Rural and Urban roads and Other District Roads. The total length of road network in India is given in Table 11.1.1.

Table 11.1.1
Road Network in India

Source: Annual Report 2024-25, MoRTH,Government of India

The National Highways have a total length of 1,46,195 km, which in totality serve as the arterial network of the country. The development of National Highways is the mandate of the Government of India. National Highway's (NH) network increased by 60 per cent from 91,287 km in 2014 to 1,46,195 km in 2025. Length of operational High-Speed Corridors (HSCs) of NHs network has increased from 93 km in 2014 to 2,474 km in 2025. Length of '4 lane and above' NHs (excluding HSCs) increased by 2.5 times from 18,278 km in 2014 to 45,947 km in 2025. The State Highways (SHs) are intended to carry the traffic along major centres within the State. Major District Roads provide the secondary function of linkage between main roads and rural roads.

Kerala's Transportation Landscape: Key Development Indicators (2021-2025)

Kerala's transport sector has made progress on several of the key indicators of development between 2021 and 2025. Details are given in Appendix 11.1.1 The total PWD road length in the State is over 30,000 km (includes PWD Roads and NH). This reveals drastic rise in number of motor vehicles, which surpassed 1.8 crore units in 2025, indicating high personal and commercial vehicle usage

Kerala has a strong multimodal public transport system. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) is operating buses and the State Water Transport Department (SWTD) is operating boats/junkars across an extensive route distance.

Roads in Kerala

The Kerala Public Works Department (PWD) is a vital government body responsible for the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of public infrastructure across the State. It manages a wide range of civil structures, including State Highways and Major District Roads, numerous bridges, and various government buildings like hospitals and offices. The PWD operates through specialised wings for Roads, Bridges, and National Highways (entrusted by the Central Government), ensuring the essential connectivity and structural integrity of Kerala's physical assets.

The State has a total road length of 1,97,448.34 km. This includes classified and non-classified roads as stipulated by Indian Road Congress. Details on the length of roads maintained and developed by various agencies in Kerala, are provided in Table 11.1.2.

Table 11.1.2
Agency-wise details of roads developed and maintained in the State

*"Other roads" are constructed and maintained by Railways, Irrigation, KSEB, and Devaswom department.
Source: PWD,Roads, NH, Forest Department, LSGD

There are 12 National Highways (NHs) in the State with a total length of 1,858 km. Out of this, the NH wing of State PWD is engaged in the upkeep of 548 km (29.5 per cent) of the National Highways and the remaining 1310 km (Including NH-866 connecting Vizhinjam Port with NH-66 at Navaikulam) is maintained by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) under Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). Details regarding the length of National Highways in the State are provided in Appendix 11.1.2

Apart from construction of roads, the Roads wing of Public Works Department focuses on road improvements, repair and maintenance of existing roads, re-laying and up gradation of roads and junction improving for bettering the riding quality and road safety. The State has started granting running contracts for maintaining existing roads. Kerala's BM & BC Roads offer high load bearing capacity to handle heavy & repetitive traffic loads, less maintenance costs, high strength & durability, and a comparatively more impermeable surface that provides good surface drainage. In 2024-25, a total length of 17,749.11 km (60 per cent of the total roads maintained by PWD are of BMBC standard) has been maintained by Road wing using Bitumen Macadam (BM) and Bitumen Concrete (BC).

Kottayam District has highest share of PWD roads with 3,311 km (11 per cent). Wayanad District is at the bottom with 877 km (3 per cent). Details of District-wise category and surface -wise length of roads maintained by PWD (Roads) are given in Appendix 11.1.3 and Appendix 11.1.4.

The total length of roads maintained by different local bodies in 2024-25 is 1,58,078.79 km., of which 1,30,599.248 km (82.61 per cent) is maintained by District and Grama Panchayats, 18,169.8 km (11.49 per cent) by Municipalities and 9,309.745 km (5.88 per cent) is maintained by the Corporations. Details regarding roads maintained by various local bodies (in km) are given in the Table 11.1.3.

Table 11.1.3
Roads maintained by various Local Bodies (in km)

Source:Local Self Government Department
Note: The total road length submitted in previous years, based on manual entries in the asset register, was inaccurate due to duplications from changes in road surfacing. To solve the issue and provide accurate information, KSREC developed GIS mapping software

The PWD (Bridges) wing maintains a total of 2,849 bridges, including 550 on State Highways, 2,145 on Major District Roads, and 154 on Other District Roads, Village Roads, and Railway Over Bridges (ROBs). The Bridges Design Unit focuses on the construction of aesthetic bridges utilising modern technology such as extradosed bridges (like the Naluchira Bridge in Alappuzha, the first of its kind in Kerala), and bowstring and integral bridges, (like the Perumbalam Bridge in Alappuzha, which is the longest backwater bridge in the State and features both three Bowstring spans and twenty-seven integral spans). Other notable projects include the Malampuzha Ring Road Bridge, which is the first Network tied steel arch bridge in Kerala , and the Padaharam Bridge, which incorporates Kerala style architecture in its deck design. In 2024-25, the bridges wing had completed the construction of 12 bridges.

The PWD (Bridge wing) providing connectivity to inaccessible habitats like tribal unnathies, islands and to reconstruct damaged bridges. The Department's innovative projects include converting out-dated bridges into rest areas and tourist attractions, and constructing illuminating bridges of international-standard across Kerala. Details of bridges and culverts constructed by PWD (Bridges) wing as on August 31, 2025 is given in Appendix 11.1.5 .

Coastal Highway and Hill Highway

The Coastal Highway from Thiruvananthapuram to Kasaragod is a prestigious project envisaged by the Government of Kerala along the coastal belt of the State. The Coastal Highway will serve as an alternative to the National Highway 66 and will serve as an evacuation route in the event of any emergency. The Coastal Highway will connect Vallarpadam, Kollam and Vizhinjam apart from other small ports and harbours. Kerala Road Fund Board (KRFB) is the Special Purpose vehicle for the implementation of the project. Details regarding works on Coastal Highway stretches approved by Kerala Infrastructure and Investment Fund Board (KIIFB) are shown in Appendix 11.1.6.

Government of Kerala declared State Highway 59 (SH 59) which is the longest State highway in Kerala as Hill Highway or Malayora Highway connect all Districts in Kerala except Alappuzha. The highway starts from Nandarapadavu in Kasaragod to end at Parassala in Thiruvananthapuram. The proposed Hill Highway is also called "Kerala Spices Route" since it is expected to connect almost all the areas engaged in trade and cultivation of spices and other high range products in Kerala. The objective of forming such a Highway is to augment the trade and transport of spices and agricultural products of high ranges as well as to reduce the traffic intensity in the main central road of Kerala. Kerala Road Fund Board (KRFB) is designated as Special Purpose Vehicle for Hill highway also. Works have been completed in 4 stretches and works under progress in other stretches. The first phase of this highway, the Kodancherry-Kakkadampoyil road was opened to traffic on February 25, 2025. Details regarding Hill Highway stretches approved by KIIFB are shown in Appendix 11.1.7.

Kerala Highway Research Institute (KHRI)

The KHRI stands for the Kerala Highway Research Institute, which is the only research institute under the State's Public Works Department (PWD) dedicated to research, quality control, and capacity building for sustainable road and infrastructure development. In June 2020, KHRI was elevated as a Centre of Excellence, with a mandate to focus on areas such as design innovation, road asset and safety management, quality assurance, contract management, and indigenous R&D. National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) accredited KHRI in February 2021. It has also collaborated with research institutions and provided consultancy services to various engineering departments and agencies in the State.

Other agencies for road improvements in Kerala.

• NATPAC (National Transportation Planning and Research Centre): Provides research-driven insights for transportation planning, supporting policy decisions on traffic management, urban mobility, and road safety in Kerala.
• Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP): Focusing on improving transport infrastructure, flow, and safety. Its objective is to achieve major highway upgrades by 2025 through its Challenge Fund Programme, which involves the KRSA, PWD, and KSTP.
• Kerala Road Fund Board (KRFB): A statutory board that develops and maintains the State's transport infrastructure. It executes city road projects using DBFOT (Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer) PPP (Public-Private Partnership) models, such as the planned Kumbalam-Thevara Bridge planned to ease traffic in Kochi.
• Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala Ltd (RBDCK): A PWD company that manages major turnkey or BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) infrastructure works like Railway Over Bridges (ROBs) and flyovers, often funded by market borrowing.
• Road Infrastructure Company Kerala Limited (RICK): Operates under KRFB to develop and maintain State Highways and Major District Roads, primarily using DBFMT (Design-Build-Finance-Maintain-Transfer) annuity models to improve connectivity and safety.
• Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA): Coordinates multi-departmental efforts focused on accident reduction. Key initiatives include black spot correction, public awareness campaigns, and technology-based enforcement like the "Safe Kerala" project.

Road Traffic

The total number of motor valid vehicles registered is 182 lakh as on March, 2025 as against 174.08 lakh in the previous year, recording a growth of 4.55 per cent. As of March, 2025, the total number of two wheelers (Motor Cycles/Scooters/Mopeds) registered in the State is 118.67 lakh. There are 9.1 lakh auto rickshaws and 42.71 lakh cars registered in the State. There are 1.44 lakh buses (including education institution buses) and 1.32 private service vehicles registered in the State as of March, 2025.The number of newly registered vehicles in 2024-25 is 7.89 lakh. The details are given in the Appendix 11.1.8. The growth in the number of motor vehicles since 2015 is shown in Figure 11.1.1.

Figure 11. 1.1
The growth in the number of motor vehicles since 2015

Source: Motor Vehicles Department, GoK

The trend analysis of motor vehicle registration from 2015 to 2024 shows a strong, consistent upward trend, with the number of registered vehicles nearly doubling from 9,421,245 in 2015 to 17,408,542 in 2024. The highest vehicle population is recorded in Ernakulum District with 23.72 lakh vehicles (13 per cent) followed by Thiruvananthapuram with 21.89 lakh (11.92 per cent). Wayanad District has the lowest number of 3.4 lakh vehicles (1.8 per cent). The District-wise and category wise number of Transport and Non transport motor vehicles registered in Kerala is given in Appendix 11.1.9 and District -wise growth of motor vehicles in Kerala from 2015-16 to 2024-25 (with base 2011-12) is given in Appendix 11.1.10.

E-Mobility

Kerala has shown significant early momentum in adopting Electric Vehicles (EVs), driven by a progressive state policy and environmentally conscious populace. The state's push for e-mobility aims to improve air quality and promote shared, clean transportation. A total of 83,064 electric vehicles were registered in 2024-25, up from 81,019 in 2023-24, recording an annual growth of around 2.5 per cent. The e-vehicle registration details in Kerala in 2024(Calendar Year) and 2025 (up to August) is given in Appendix 11.1.11.

Hybrid vehicle registrations also recorded significant growth, increasing from 20,939 in 2023-24 to 28,334 in 2024-25, registering a growth rate of about 35 per cent. This reflects the growing consumer inclination toward fuel-efficient and sustainable transport options, in line with global mobility trends. The Motor Vehicles Department recorded a total revenue collection of Rs 6,451.76 crore in 2024-25, compared to Rs 6,065.24 crore in 2023-24, showing a growth of about 6.4 per cent. Of this, Rs 5,516.78 crore was collected as Motor Vehicle Tax, in 2024-25 as against Rs 5184.29 crore in the previous year.

The State is extensively promoting electric vehicles (EVs) for the use in Government offices. Motor Vehicles Department (MVD) and other departments have switched to 'Plug-in Electric Vehicles' on dry-lease from the Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL), a Central Government institution under the Ministry of Power, through the Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT).

Road Safety

Due to intense urban sprawl and haphazard ribbon development along its major routes, Kerala's otherwise well-connected road network struggles significantly with severe constraints. The majority of road stretches operate with traffic levels exceeding capacity, creating immense pressure on the infrastructure as the number of vehicles on the roads continues to increase steadily. Expanding the capacity of these existing roads is particularly challenging, primarily due to the limited right-of-way available and the inherent difficulties associated with land acquisition.

According to State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB) 3,880 deaths and 54,796 injuries were reported in Kerala in 2024(January - December) from 48,834 road accidents. Thiruvananthapuram district reported the highest number of fatalities (484) in 2024(January - December) whereas Wayanad reported the least number (67) in 2024. As per the records of the SCRB, 2,407 deaths were reported in the State due to 32,664 motor vehicle accidents from during the period January to August, 2025.

Significant share of road accidents involve two wheelers such accidents constitute 37.9 per cent of accidents that occurred in the State from January to August, 2025. As per SCRB data the total number of accidents in Kerala from January to August, 2025 is 32,664. The number of traffic accidents involving two wheelers was 19,004 (38.9 per cent) in 2024 and it is 12,377 from January to August, 2025. The percentage of vehicle category- wise accidents that occurred between January and August, 2025 in Kerala is shown in Figure 11.1.2.

Figure 11.1.2
Details of road accident by vehicle type in Kerala, January to August, 2025, in per cent

Source: State Crime Records Bureau

A total of 3,755 accidents involving buses were registered in the State in 2024. During the year 2024, KSRTC buses were involved in 771 accidents and other buses in 2,984 accidents. Trend of motor vehicle accidents, injuries and deaths reported in Kerala over a period from 2019 to 2024 is presented in Figure 11.1.3.

Figure 11.1.3
Trend in Motor Vehicle Accidents, Fatalities and Number of persons injured in Kerala, 2019 to 2024

Source: State Crime Records Bureau Kerala

The figure 11.1.3 shows the trends of motor vehicle accidents in the State from 2019 to 2024. It reveals a positive underlying trend is visible as the calculated fatality index (deaths per accident) has consistently decreased from approximately 10.8 per cent in 2019 to around 7.95 per cent in 2024. The number of accidents per lakh registered vehicle has shown a marginal decline, decreasing from 308 in 2019 to 281 in 2024 indicating an improvement in road safety. This is despite the fact that road length has increased only marginally while vehicle population has witnessed significant increase.

Road accidents, predominantly caused by rash driving, poor road conditions, unfit vehicles, and unfavorable environmental factors, demand a sustained and comprehensive effort from all stakeholders. Despite numerous safety initiatives and stringent enforcement by the Motor Vehicles Department and Police, the continuous increase in the number of road accidents, particularly those involving two-wheelers, remains a significant public safety concern. Achieving substantial road safety improvements will require a deeper, more collaborative strategy beyond current enforcement to address these complex, systemic issues effectively. The District- wise motor vehicle accidents that occurred in Kerala in 2024 (January to December) and the category-wise details of motor vehicles involved in those road accidents (January to December) are given in Appendix 11.1.12 and Appendix 11.1.13 respectively.

Accident Prevention Strategies

The Government of Kerala, primarily through the Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA), implements a comprehensive, multi-agency strategy involving the Motor Vehicles Department, Police, and Public Works Department to reduce traffic accidents through a focus on enforcement, education, and road engineering.

The roles of key organizations and initiatives:

• The comprehensive road safety framework in Kerala is coordinated by the Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA), which utilizes a dedicated fund to unite major agencies under the ambitious "Mission Zero" goal of achieving zero road accident fatalities by 2030.
• The Motor Vehicles Department (MVD) acts as the primary enforcer, using AI cameras for the "Safe Kerala" project and deploying technologies like GPS/panic buttons for public transport, while simultaneously leading extensive public awareness campaigns.
• The National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) provides the essential technical backbone, identifying and prioritizing thousands of accident black spots and vulnerable road stretches for targeted intervention
• Public Works Department (PWD) addresses issues through necessary engineering, construction, and maintenance improvements. This five-pronged strategy (Engineering, Enforcement, Education & Engagement, Emergency Trauma Care, and Enactment/Evaluation) has already yielded significant success.

The Safe Kerala Project has a total of 726 cameras, with 632 reported to be in working condition. While 56 were non-operational due to road work/accidents about 38 were non-operational due to technical issues. Cumulatively, 1, 18, 73,014 violations have been taken to ITMS-VAHAN by KELTRON, resulting in 1,16,87,068 E-Challans generated since June 2023 till October 2025. The total penalty imposed amounts to Rs 759.52 crore, out of which Rs 233.54 crore has been recovered, indicating a collection rate of 30.75 per cent overall.

Box. 11.1.
Mission Zero: Zero Fatal Accidents by 2030

Source: Motor Vehicle Department

Box 11.1.2
KSRTC's Strategy for Operational Excellence

Source: Kerala State Road Transport Corporation

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)

The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) is a vital public transport provider, connecting the state with a large fleet of buses across thousands of routes. Recognizing the high-risk nature of its operations, the corporation has actively implemented robust safety measures, including crew-change systems to combat driver fatigue and the installation of AI-enabled driver fatigue detection cameras in its long-haul buses. Furthermore, KSRTC has established an accident monitoring system, and is setting up 24/7 emergency medical units at major depots to ensure safer journeys for both the public and its staff. Currently, 18 training centers have been started across the state. As of August, 2025, there are 5,087 State Public Transport buses, of which 4,625 buses are owned by KSRTC and the remaining 462 are under K-SWIFT Ltd. Year wise details of the number of buses owned by KSRTC is given in Appendix 11.1.14. Age-wise details of vehicles owned by KSRTC is given in Appendix 11.1.15 and major internal indicators of KSRTC are given in Appendix 11.1.16.The details regarding operational efficiency of KURTC is given in Appendix 11.1.17.

The performance indicator of KSRTC shows that 60.3 per cent of buses owned by the Corporation are more than ten year's old (3,066 out of 5,087 buses). Average fleet operated by KSRTC in 2024-25 is 4,609 buses and average age of fleet is 12.50 years. There are 22,368 staff in KSRTC as per the details furnished for the year 2024-25. The Driver per bus and Conductor per bus ratio is 1.71 and 1.76 respectively. It is 0.23 and 0.85 when the ratio comes to ministerial and mechanical staff respectively. The average occupancy rate per bus per month was 73.40 per cent in 2024-2025. The major indicators showing operational efficiency and District-wise operational statistics of KSRTC are given in Appendix 11.1.18 and Appendix 11.1.19 respectively.

The gross revenue earning of KSRTC has increased from Rs.2, 347.94 crore in 2023-24 to Rs.2,512.20 crore in 2024-25 showing a positive indication that the corporation is improving its collection. In the months from January to August, 2025, the corporation could earn revenue of Rs1021.81 crore. The gross revenue expenditure in 2024-25 is Rs.2,756.20 crore compared to Rs. 2,650.35 crore in 2023-24 and operating loss in 2024-25 period is Rs.244.02 crore compared to Rs.302.41 crore in 2023-24.

Other source of revenue

KSRTC is aggressively diversifying its revenue streams to achieve financial self-sufficiency. This includes substantial income from advertising on buses, depots, and through naming rights for its facilities, alongside commercial utilization of its extensive real estate by leasing out spaces for shops, offices, and even converting old buses into "Shops on Wheels." Additionally, KSRTC Logistics provides parcel and cargo services leveraging its vast network, while its "Yatra Fuels" outlets generate revenue from public fuel sales and enable cost savings through direct procurement. The corporation also capitalizes on tourism with popular budget packages and charter services, and consistently generates income from scrap sales and potential training.

Notable Achievement

Passenger Experience & Infrastructure Focus on improving convenience, comfort, and security for passengers at bus stations and during travel.

• Modernized Bus Stations: Launched digital clock rooms at bus stations to offer passengers modern and secure facilities for luggage storage.
• Reduced Service Disruptions: Improved fleet availability by reducing the number of off-road super class buses from 324 to 147, which significantly minimized service disruptions.
• Sanitation & Environment: Achieved Haritha Mission accreditation for 92 depots and received sanitation awards for the Thiruvananthapuram and Idukki districts.

New Service & Tourism Initiatives

• The introduction of new, unique, and specialized travel packages and bus services to boost tourism and passenger options.
• Scenic Double Decker Services: Launched the "Royal View Double Decker" bus service in Munnar (Devikulam to Periya Canal) to provide transparent, scenic views of tea plantations and valleys. KSRTC operate a separate double-decker bus city tour service in Kochi (Ernakulam). This service is an open-top bus tour and is typically referred to as the Kochi City Ride or City Tour.
• Electric City Tours: Introduced an electric double-decker bus for city tours in Thiruvananthapuram, also offering special rental packages for events like wedding shoots, parties, and film/advertising shoots.
• Budget-Friendly Packages: Created budget-friendly tour packages for various segments (ordinary passengers, families, groups), including pilgrimage, coastal, and interstate travel.
• Intermodal Travel: A bus-boat tour package is being conducted in association with Nefertiti ship and in collaboration with Bharat Tourism Corporation.

Revenue Generation & Financial Performance

• New projects were started for improving non-ticket revenue.
• Non-Ticket Revenue Project ('Yatra Fuel'): Launched 'Yatra Fuel,' a project to open KSRTC's diesel pumps to the public, aiming to increase non-ticket revenue. As of October 2025, 72 out of 93 depots have operational public pumps.
• Financial Success of Initiatives (Specific Period):
• From January 1, 2025, to September 15, 2025, Budget Tourism cell achieved
  Rs 25.47 crore in revenue, resulting in a profit of Rs 10.92 crore (after deducting
  Rs 14.55 crore in expenses).

Employee Development & Educational Outreach

• Such initiatives have focused on internal staff motivation and external programs that connect travel with education and knowledge.
• Employee Motivation Workshop: Organized 'Haritha Sangamam,' a one-day workshop on August 6, 2025, in collaboration with the Haritha Keralam Mission, specifically to motivate employees and officials.
• Educational Travel ('Travel to Technology'): Launched the 'Travel to Technology' project, combining entertainment and knowledge by providing study tours for school/college students to various institutions, including Technopark/Infopark, with an option for hospital visits for those interested in healthcare.

Box 11.1.3.
The Institutional Reforms in KSRTC- Fleet & Digital Transformation

Source: Kerala State Road Transport Corporation

Rail Transport

Kerala's railway network spans 1,257 km of route length and 1,588 km of track, managed under the Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram divisions with 200 stations. The Thiruvananthapuram Division, headquartered in Thycaud, covers 625 route kilometres and 103 stations, extending from Vallathol Nagar in Kerala to Melappalayam in Tamil Nadu. The Palakkad Division spans 582.7 km across Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Puducherry, serving eight districts, including six in Kerala, one each in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, and Mahe in Puducherry. Kerala is prioritizing two major rail initiatives such as SilverLine semi high-speed corridor (awaiting Central approval) and the Angamaly-Sabari line, a 110-km pilgrimage and development project jointly funded with the Centre.

Kochi Metro Rail

Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL) is the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), a 50:50 joint venture between the Government of India and the Government of Kerala, responsible for implementing, operating, and maintaining the Kochi Metro system. It successfully completed and operates the 28-km Phase I (Blue Line), running from Aluva to Thrippunithura Terminal with 25 stations, making it one of India's fastest-completed metro projects. KMRL is also notable for its integrated approach, which includes connecting rail, road, and water transport facilities, and for adopting solar power for a significant portion of its energy needs. Currently, the Blue Line is fully operational, with the Phase II (Pink Line) extension from JLN Stadium to Infopark/Kakkanad actively under construction. The project's final target for full commissioning is set for December 2027, although project timelines can sometimes experience delays due to factors like monsoons and utility shifting. The original scheduled completion date was previously November 2026.

Financial Performance

Kochi Metro has shown significant improvements in its financial performance, transitioning from initial operating losses to operational surplus. Revenue earnings have consistently moving upwards, reaching Rs 182.38 crore in 2024-25. This growth enabled the metro to move from operating losses of Rs 43.29 crore in 2017-18 and Rs 72.39 crore in 2020-21, to achieving operating profits of Rs 5.35 crore in 2022-23, Rs 22.95 crore in 2023-24 and Rs 33.35 crore in 2024-25, reflecting a dynamic growth trajectory and enhanced efficiency. Major indicators showing operational efficiency of Kochi Metro given in Appendix 11.1.20 .

The operational performance of Kochi Metro has consistently improved, with the number of services operated increasing significantly, especially after a recovery from the decrease in 2020-21. This operational scaling has directly supported the substantial increase in ridership. Concurrently, the average cost per passenger per month has decreased significantly, from Rs 2,620 in 2017-18 to Rs 1,255 in 2024-25, indicating heightened efficiency. The positive trend in average occupancy per train per month further highlights better utilization of the metro's capacity. Year wise Gross Revenue Earnings and Expenditure is given in Figure 11.1.4.

Figure 11.1.4
Kochi Metro Year wise Gross Revenue Earnings and Expenditure (Rs. In Crore)

Source: KMRL

Ridership

Kochi Metro has seen a continuous and substantial increase in ridership, with average daily passenger numbers frequently crossing the 1-lakh mark in recent years. This growing patronage has contributed significantly to the system achieving an operating surplus for three consecutive financial years, highlighting its increasing success as a preferred mode of urban transport. Year wise ridership of Kochi Metro (Since 2017) is given in Figure 11.1.5.

Figure 11.1.5
Kochi Metro Year wise Gross Revenue Earnings and Expenditure (Rs. In Crore)

Source: KMRL

Kochi Water Metro

The Kochi Water Metro, which started operation in April 2023, is a significant part of Kerala's water transport system. The Kochi Water Metro is India's first water metro system, offering a modern, eco-friendly way to travel across the city's backwaters using fast, air-conditioned electric-hybrid boats. Key operational routes connect major points like Vyttila to Kakkanad (serving the InfoPark area) and High Court to Vypin. Recent expansions have added new routes from High Court to South Chittoor (passing through Bolgatty and Mulavukad North), South Chittoor to Cheranalloor (via Eloor), and a direct service from Eloor to High Court, significantly improving connectivity for island communities. The service is easy to use, with affordable tickets starting at Rs. 20, and allows payment using the Kochi1 Card, which also works for the Kochi Metro.

Key Achievements

The operational statistics for the Water Metro show significant growth and expansion from the financial year 2023-24 to 2024-25. The Route Distance covered more than doubled from 8.65 km to 25.11 km, supported by an increase in the number of Boats from 12 to 18, with all 18 boats operational in the latter year, leading to a substantial rise in the number of trips on schedule (from 39,770 to 54,408) and a subsequent increase in passengers carried (from 18.44 lakh to 21.03 lakh). This expansion directly contributed to a doubling of the total revenue receipts on Inland Transports from 413.2 lakh to 813.55 lakh. In 2025-26 (Up to August, 2025) Water Metro continued expansion in capacity with 20 boats and 25.3 km of route distance, though the passenger and revenue figures for this partial period (9.38 lakh passengers; 413.89 lakh Inland Transport revenue). Operational Statistics of Water Metro given Appendix 11.1.21.

Aviation

The state operates four international airports namely Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, and Kannur providing global and domestic connectivity. Despite a sharp decline during the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic, major airports have seen passenger and aircraft traffic strongly rebound and often surpass pre-2020 levels. Cochin International Airport (CIAL) consistently remains the busiest in Kerala, especially for international traffic. Kannur International Airport's emergence in late 2018 added significant capacity and redistributed some traffic. Developing Sabarimala Greenfield International Airport in Kottayam district is under processes primarily to serve pilgrims visiting Sabarimala and boost tourism in the Central Travancore region. The Sabarimala Greenfield International Airport project has significantly advanced, securing Site, Defence, and Security clearances (April 2023 - May 2025), and is now awaiting 'In-Principle' approval from the Ministry of Civil Aviation following the submission of the Detailed Project Report (DPR) on July 8, 2025. Future expansion includes regional airstrips and intra-state routes, focusing on sustainability and connectivity to remote areas. Kerala aims to position itself as South India's aviation hub, emphasizing modernized infrastructure and enhanced passenger experience.

The Passenger Movement of Airport in Kerala

The following Figure1
1.1.6 shows the passenger movement of airports in Kerala

Figure11.1.6 Passenger's movement of Airports in Kerala (In No.s)

Source: Airport Authority of India

Kerala's airport passenger traffic grew significantly until 2020, saw a sharp drop that year, but has since shown a strong recovery, with most airports reaching or exceeding their earlier peak traffic by 2023-24, reflecting the overall growth in Indian air travel.

Aircraft Movement in Airports in Kerala

Similar to passenger movement, aircraft movements across all airports show a general upward trend in the pre-pandemic years, followed by a significant downturn in 2020-21 and a subsequent recovery and growth. Details are given in Figure 11.1.7.

Figure11.1.7
Aircraft Movement in Airports in Kerala (in million tonnes)

Source: Airport Authority of India

Freight Movement in airports in Kerala

Similar to passenger movements, freight movement across airports in Kerala experienced fluctuations, with a notable dip in 2020-21, consistent with the global economic slowdown. A recovery trend is observed in subsequent years. Details are given in Figure 11.1.8.

Figure11.1.8
Freight Movement in airports in Kerala

Source: Airport Authority of India

Infrastructure facilities in Airports

Cochin International Airport (CIAL) continues its trajectory of innovation and expansion. Its International Terminal 3 (T3) is undergoing a significant expansion, including a larger apron and terminal building with more aerobridges, expected to enhance passenger handling capacity and reduce congestion. Complementing this physical growth, CIAL launched a Rs 200 crore "CIAL 2.0" project in May 2025, aiming for full digitalization of airport operations. This initiative incorporates AI-powered surveillance with 4,000 cameras, automated screening, full-body scanners, and automated baggage systems to bolster security, efficiency, and passenger flow. CIAL has also diversified its revenue streams by commissioning a state-of-the-art Business Jet Terminal and developing commercial zones, retail outlets, and a 5-star hotel within airport premises, with "The Zone" project set for early 2025 commissioning.

Thiruvananthapuram International Airport (TRV) is undergoing a major transformation under Adani's management. A significant expansion of Terminal 2 (international terminal), known as "Project Anantha," is planned with a substantial investment of Rs 5,500 crore, aiming to increase annual passenger capacity from 4.5 million to 12 million. While the initial target for completion was January 2034, the master plan is being revised to expedite the process due to environmental clearance delays. Concurrently, refurbishment of Terminal 1 (domestic) is progressing, including new canopy installation and improved parking. The airport is also implementing cutting-edge cleaning technology, increasing check-in counters and e-gates, providing free Wi-Fi coupon kiosks, and enhancing city transfers for improved passenger experience.

Kannur International Airport (KIAL) is strategically positioning itself within the aviation landscape. Beyond passenger services, KIAL is focusing on fostering aviation-related skill development in the region, exemplified by partnerships such as the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Rajiv Gandhi Flying Training Academy (RAGAAT). This indicates a forward-looking approach to developing aviation talent and supporting the broader aerospace industry.

Calicut International Airport (CCJ) is prioritizing safety and capacity enhancements. Critical safety work for the Runway End Safety Area (RESA) development was awarded in February 2024, following the state government's handover of 12.54 acres of land to AAI, to ensure international compliance. Looking ahead, there are significant plans to extend the runway to 3500 meters and acquire an additional 96 acres of land for a 75-meter runway strip on each side, which are crucial steps for accommodating larger aircraft and further enhancing safety at the airport.

Challenges/ Way forward

Road Transport

The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) must prioritize modernization and technological integration, including real-time tracking, digital payments, and AI-driven route optimization, to enhance efficiency and passenger experience. Concurrently, financial restructuring and revenue diversification are crucial, necessitating government support for pension liabilities and the exploration of non-fare box income sources like commercial complexes at bus stands or leasing depot spaces.

The Motor Vehicle Department (MVD) faces challenges including an aging enforcement vehicle fleet, all of which hinder effective road safety enforcement and timely service delivery amid a rapidly growing vehicle population. The way forward for MVD involves urgently augmenting its manpower and modernizing staffing, expediting the establishment of Automated Vehicle Testing Stations, and fully leveraging digital transformation for citizen-centric services like online licenses and registrations. Strengthening enforcement through initiatives like the "Safe Kerala" project and continuous public awareness campaigns are also crucial to enhancing road safety and reducing accidents and injuries across the state.

Kerala grapples with significant road safety challenges, marked by a high number of accidents and fatalities, particularly on "crash vulnerable" highways, due to factors like driver error, poor road design, and increasing traffic. Over 4,500 "black spots" have been identified, necessitating urgent intervention. The path forward involves a comprehensive strategy encompassing stricter law enforcement, road engineering improvements, public awareness campaigns, mandatory safety education, and enhanced post-accident care. The Kerala Road Safety Authority is spearheading these efforts to implement a Road Safety Action Plan and cultivate a culture of responsible road use, aiming for a substantial reduction in accidents and fatalities by 2030.

Kerala's road transport sector faces significant R&D challenges due to high population density, rising vehicular traffic, limited funding, and difficulties integrating research into policy, alongside land acquisition hurdles. To overcome these, a multi-pronged approach is essential: prioritizing data-driven research for traffic management and accident prevention, focusing on sustainable solutions like electric vehicles and resilient infrastructure, and integrating Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) through IoT and AI. Crucially, fostering strong collaboration among academia, government agencies, and the private sector, supported by consistent policy and funding, will pave the way for an efficient, safe, and sustainable road transport system in Kerala.

Rail Transport

Rail transport in Kerala, while vital for connectivity, faces significant challenges due to the state's unique geography and high population density. The existing double-track lines are highly congested, leading to frequent delays and limiting both passenger and freight movement. Land acquisition for new projects is a major hurdle, often causing prolonged delays and public opposition due to the dense settlement and environmental sensitivities. Furthermore, the numerous curves and level crossings restrict train speeds, preventing the optimal utilization of modern trains.

Kerala's rail sector needs crucial capacity enhancement and strategic project implementation. Plan for adding parallel third and fourth lines along the existing corridors is pivotal to decongest the network, allowing for dedicated tracks for faster passenger and freight services. Prioritizing the construction of Railway Over Bridges (ROBs) and Under Bridges (RUBs), with the Railways even fully funding some due to state financial constraints, will eliminate traffic bottlenecks and enhance safety. A strong emphasis on exploring more practical and environmentally viable alternatives focusing on optimizing existing infrastructure through signalling upgrades and curve straightening to improve speeds and operational efficiency is essential.

Air Transport

Kerala's air transport sector, with its four international airports and a fifth proposed, is a vital gateway but faces significant challenges. Chief among these are capacity constraints and potential congestion, particularly at major hubs like Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi, which require continuous expansion to meet growing passenger and cargo demands. Land acquisition for such expansions and new Greenfield projects, like the proposed Sabarimala airport, remains a major hurdle in densely populated Kerala, leading to delays and increased costs. Furthermore, the financial viability of newer airports, as seen with Kannur International Airport (KIAL) struggling with low load factors and limited airline operations, raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of additional infrastructure without strong strategic planning.

To navigate these challenges, the way forward involves a multi-pronged approach. Strategic expansion and modernization of existing airports, including Thiruvananthapuram's T2 expansion and CIAL's on-going "Flying into Tomorrow" initiatives with potential for a second runway, are crucial. Developing air cargo hubs with enhanced cold storage and customs facilities across all international airports is essential to capitalize on Kerala's export potential in perishables.

WATER TRANSPORT

Water transport in an integral part of transportation system. Being one of the most energy-efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable modes of transport, it has played a vital role in facilitating trade, communication, and connectivity across regions. India has a widespread network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, and tidal inlets. Kerala, located along the south-western coast of India, occupies a unique and prominent position in the nation's water transport landscape. The state is endowed with an extensive network of backwaters, rivers, canals, and lakes that together form an integral part of its transport and livelihood systems. Water transport holds immense promise for Kerala's sustainable development. By integrating modern technology, environmental conservation, and community participation, the state can transform its traditional waterways into a model for green mobility and inclusive growth.

PORT SECTOR

Maritime transport is the backbone of globalised trade and the manufacturing supply chain. The Maritime Sector in India comprises of Ports, Shipping, Shipbuilding and Ship repair and Inland Water Transport Systems. According to the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water Ways, India has 12 Government owned major ports and more than 217 non-major ports. According to Ministry's Annual Report 2024-25, Indian Shipping Industry has over the years played a crucial role in the transport. Approximately 95 per cent of the country's trade by volume and 68 per cent by value is moved through maritime transport. Therefore, shipping and ocean resources, ship design and construction, ports and harbours, human resource development, finance, ancillaries and new technologies need to be developed in the light of the emerging scenario. The Indian Ports Act, 2025 passed by Parliament in August, 2025 marks a transformative milestone in India's maritime governance- replacing the century-old Indian Port Act of 1908 with a forward looking, integrated framework tailored to the demands of a modern economy. The Indian port sector has a cargo handling capacity of 2690 million metric tonnes per annum (MTPA) (1630 MTPA Major Ports + 1060 MTPA non- major Ports). In 2024-25, major and non-major ports in India handled a total cargo of approximately 1593 million metric tonnes (Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India).

Sagarmala Programme

The Sagarmala Programme is a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India, to harness the nation's 11,098 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes. By lowering logistics costs for both domestic and international trade, the Ministry hopes to improve the performance and efficiency of the logistics industry through this programme. The programme intends to promote port-led development in the country through modernisation and development of new ports, enhancing connectivity, promoting port linked industrialisation, coastal community development and promotion of Coastal Shipping and Inland Waterways in India.

There are 839 projects with investment of Rs 5.79 Lakh crore working under the Sagarmala Programme. Out of which, 272 projects worth Rs 1.41 Lakh crore have been completed and 214 projects worth Rs 1.63 lakh crore are under implementation. The rest of 353 projects worth Rs 2.75 Lakh crore are under various stages of development. These projects are being implemented by relevant Central Ministries, State Governments, major ports and other agencies primarily through private or PPP mode. A summary of schemes being undertaken under the Sagarmala Programme is provided in Table 11.1.4.

Table 11.1.4. Summary of projects under Sagarmala Programme

Source: Annual Report 2024-25, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India

The Government of India has formed the Sagarmala Development Company Limited (SDCL), to achieve the objectives of this programme and to fast -track the implementation of the port- led development activities. As per the project requirements, SDCL will raise funds as debt or equity (as long-term capital), by leveraging resources provided by the Government of India and from multi-lateral and bilateral funding agencies. As per the approved structure of Sagarmala Programme, the implementation of the projects shall be done by the line ministries, State Governments and State Maritime Boards (SMBs) and SPVs. The SDCL will provide a funding window and implement only those residual projects that cannot be funded by any other means or mode.

Cargo Traffic through Ports in India

Major ports in India

The ecosystem of international commerce is facilitated by the maritime sector. Its affordability and global connectivity make it very vital to the world economy. Developments in the global economy, specifically expansion of the global output and trade are the factors that boost maritime transportation activity. Thus, the volume of seaborne cargo traffic handled by ports is mainly shaped by the levels and changes in both the global and domestic activity. Cargo traffic at major ports in 2024-25, increased by 4.22 per cent to 853.57 million metric tonnes from 819.00 million metric tonnes handled in 2023-24, however, the growth rate is lesser compared to previous year.

Cargo handled by Major Ports, year on year growth rate is shown in Figure 11.1.9.

Figure 11.1.9 Cargo handled by Major Ports during 2015-16 to 2024-25

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

Cargo handled by major ports between the period 2015-16 to 2024-25 shows, the significant growth reported in 2022-23 (8.8 per cent), while the lowest reported in 2020-21 (-4.6 per cent).

Deendayal Port (DPA) recorded highest growth (13.4 per cent) in the cargo traffic handled at Major Ports in 2024-25, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) (7.4 per cent), Kamarajar Port (6.9 per cent), Chennai Port (6.5 per cent), Cochin Port (3.6 per cent,) Paradip Port (3.5 per cent), Mumbai Port (2.0 per cent), Visakhapatanam Port (VPA) (1.0 per cent), V. O. Chidambaram Port, Tuticorin (0.8 per cent) and New Mangalore Port Authority (NMPA) (0.7 per cent). Among the major ports, Mormugao Port (-12.5 per cent), Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (-2.8 per cent) and Haldia Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata (-4.3 per cent) recorded negative traffic growth rate in 2024-25.

Amongst the Major ports, Paradip Port handled the maximum cargo of 150.41 million metric tonnes followed by Deendayal Port (150.16 MMT), Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) (92.12 MMT), Visakhapatnam Port (VPA) (82.62 MMT), Mumbai Port (68.64 MMT), Chennai Port (54.95 MMT), Kamarajar Port (48.41 MMT), Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Haldia (46.45 MMT), New Mangalore Port Authority (NMPA) (46.02 MMT), V. O. Chidambaram Port (41.72 MMT), Cochin Port (37.61 MMT), Mormugao Port (18.05 MMT) and Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port ,Kolkata (16.43 MMT) in 2024-25. The share of total traffic handled by major ports is shown in Figure 11.1.10.

Figure 11.1.10 Major Port-wise percentage share of total cargo handled in 2024-25

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

The overseas cargo handled through the 12 major ports increased by 4.7 per cent in 2024-25, to 657.75 million metric tonnes (MMT). Amongst the Major Ports, Deendayal Port (DPA) handled the maximum overseas cargo of 135.46 million metric tonnes with a share of 20.6 per cent, followed by Paradip Port (13.2 per cent), Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) (12.9 per cent), Visakhapatnam Port (VPA) (9.6 per cent), Chennai Port (7.4 per cent), Mumbai Port (7.0 per cent), Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Haldia (6.5 per cent), New Mangalore Port Authority (NMPA) (5.7 per cent), V. O. Chidambaram Port, Tuticorin (4.5 per cent), Kamarajar Port (4.4 per cent), Cochin Port (3.8 per cent), Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Kolkata (2.3 per cent) and Mormugao Port (2.0 per cent) in 2024-25. The share of overseas cargo handled by major ports is shown in Figure 11.1.11.

Figure 11.1.11 Share of overseas cargo handled through major ports in 2023-24 & 2024-25 (in tonnes)

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

The coastal cargo handled through the 12 major ports increased by 2.6 per cent in 2024-25, to 195.82 million metric tonnes (MMT). Among the Major Ports, Paradip Port handled the maximum coastal cargo of 63.69 million metric tonnes with a share of 32.5 per cent followed by Mumbai Port (11.4 per cent), Kamarajar Port (10.1 per cent), Visakhapatnam Port (10.1 per cent), Deendayal Port (DPA) (7.5 per cent), Cochin Port (6.4 per cent), V.O. Chidambaram Port (6.1 per cent), New Mangalore Port Authority (NMPA) (4.5 per cent), Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) (3.5 per cent), Chennai Port (3.1 per cent), Mormugao Port (2.3 per cent) Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Haldia (1.9 per cent), and Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Kolkata (0.6 per cent). The share of coastal cargo handled by major ports in 2024-25 is shown in Figure 11.1.12.

Figure 11.1.12 Share of coastal cargo handled through major ports in 2023-24 & 2024-25 (in tonnes)

HDC -Haldia Dock Complex, KSD- Kolkata Dock System
Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

Port-wise cargo traffic at major ports in 2023-24 and 2024-25 is given in Appendix 11.1.22.

Cargo traffic through non-major ports in India

Growth trends in the cargo handled by non-major ports during the past ten years is given in Fig 11.1.13.

Figure 11.1.13 Growth trend in cargo handled by non-major ports during 2015-16 to 2024-25

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

From 2015-16 to 2024-25, the total cargo handled through the non- major ports recorded the highest growth in 2023-24 (11.12 per cent), while the lowest growth was in the year 2020-21 (-6.1 per cent).

Cargo traffic through non-major ports in 2024-25, increased by 2.2 per cent to 739.47 million metric tonnes from 723.41 million metric tonnes handled in 2023-24. Amongst the State Maritime Boards (SMB) and Directorate of Ports (DoP), Gujarat Maritime Board handled the maximum cargo of 487.68 million metric tonnes with a share of 65.9 per cent followed by Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board (104.12 MMT), Maharashtra Maritime Board (67.95 MMT), Directorate of Ports, Odisha (52.08 MMT), Directorate of Ports, Puducherry (12.79 MMT), Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (11.89 MMT), and Others (2.95 MMT) which includes cargo handled by Non-major ports of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Goa, Kerala and Lakshadweep. The share of total cargo traffic handled by Non-Major Ports is shown in Figure 11.1.14.

Figure 11.1.14
SMB/DoP wise percentage share of cargo traffic handled at non-major ports in 2024-25

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

The overseas cargo traffic handled through non-major ports in 2024-25 (April-March) increased by 3.94 per cent to 604.49 million metric tonnes from 581.60 million metric tonnes in 2023-24 (April-March). Amongst the SMB/DoP , Gujarat Maritime Board handled the maximum overseas cargo of 437.98 million metric tonnes with a share of 72.5 per cent followed by Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board (11.5 per cent), Directorate of Ports, Odisha (7.2 per cent), Maharashtra Maritime Board (4.8 per cent), Directorate of Ports, Puducherry (2.1 per cent), Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (1.9 per cent) and Others (0.09 per cent) which includes cargo handled by Non-Major Ports of Andaman and Nicobar Island, Karnataka and Lakshadweep. The share of overseas cargo handled by non-major ports is shown in Figure 11.1.15.

Figure 11.1.15 Share of overseas cargo handled through SMB/DoP in 2023-24 & 2024-25 (in tonnes)

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India
* Goa and Lakshadweep did not handled overseas cargo during the period.

The coastal cargo traffic handled through non-major ports in 2024-25 decreased by 4.8 per cent to 134.98 million metric tonnes from 141.81 million metric tonnes handled in 2023-24. Amongst the SMB/DoP, Gujarat Maritime Board handled the maximum coastal cargo of 49.70 million metric tonnes with a share of 36.8 per cent followed by Maharashtra Maritime Board (28.9 per cent), Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board (25.8 per cent), Directorate of Ports, Odisha (6.5 per cent), and Others (0.6 per cent) which includes cargo handled by Non-Major Ports of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (TNMB), Goa, Kerala and Karnataka. The share of Coastal Cargo handled by non-major ports is shown in Figure 11.1.16.

Figure 11.1.16
Share of coastal cargo handled through SMB/DoP in 2023-24 & 2024-25 (in tonnes)

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India
* Puducherry did not handled Coastal Cargo during 2024-25.

SMB/DoP -wise cargo traffic at non-major ports in 2023-24 and 2024-25 is given in Appendix 11.1.23 .

Ports in Kerala

Kerala has a coastal length of approximately 590 km. There is one Major Port at Cochin and 17 non-major ports. Out of 17 non-major ports in Kerala, only four viz Vizhinjam, Beypore-Kozhikode, Azhikkal and Kollam ports are fully operational. There is also a riverine port at Nattakom in Kottayam. Malabar Port & SEZ is a company formed for the development of a PPP port in Malabar area (Azhikkal based).

Kerala Maritime Board (KMB)

Kerala Maritime Board came into existence after the approval of Kerala Maritime Board Act on September 2017. As per the act, KMB is constituted for the non-major ports in Kerala and is vested with administration, control and management of non-major ports. The Government constituted KMB by merging Directorate of Ports, Kerala State Maritime Development Corporation Ltd and Kerala Maritime society. The Board consists of a chairman, a vice chairman, 6 ex-officio members and four nominated members. All port related activities such as modernisation of non-major ports and enhancement of shipping activities are major objectives of Kerala Maritime Board.

Major achievements of Kerala Maritime Board

• Implementation of Inland vessel Act-State Government has made the Kerala Maritime Board as the nodal agency for the implementation of the provisions in the Act related to the registration and survey of mechanized inland vessels. As part of this, KMB conducts inspections and facilitates registration of vessels. Launched "Kerala Nowka- The IV connect", an online portal for vessel registration and surveys.
• Development of land and other assets under Non-major Ports on PPP mode- The Board has taken steps to develop the land and various assets coming under the Non-major Ports viz building, bungalows, Godowns, warehouses, light houses etc. on PPP mode. Under this initiative, Expression of Interest (EOI) released for 13 projects and 11 projects are in tender stage.
• Development of port Infrastructure-As part of developing port infrastructure, KMB has submitted 8 proposals for approval under Sagarmala project.
• Others-Established certification and infrastructure for ship operations (including foreign vessels) in all functional ports. Initiated training courses under IV (manning) Rules -2022 for crew licensing. Began digitalization of all KMB assets.

Registered Vessels

The Union Government has enacted the Inland Vessels Act-2021 for regulating the registration and survey of all mechanized inland vessels in the nation. The new Act, introduced 'One Nation One Registration.' Eleven rules were notified to unify inland vessel registration, certification, and specifications nationwide.

The type of vessels registered includes passenger vessel, speed boat, house boat, cargo vessel, floating resort, motor boat, cutter section dredger, jankar, shikkaras, tug, rescue boat, and cruise boat. In 2024-25, 1091 vessels were inspected, of which, 866 vessels were found to be perfect and 225 were defective. Details are in Table 11.1.5 and 11.1.6.

Table 11.1.5
Details of inspection conducted for IV Act implementation

Source: Kerala Maritime Board

Table 11.1.6 Number of vessels registered in Kerala

Source : Kerala Maritime Board

Cargo handled through non-major ports in Kerala

The details of cargo handled by non-major ports in Kerala for the last five years is shown in Table 11.1.7. The quantity of cargo handled by Kerala's non-major ports varies significantly during the last five years. In all these five years, export cargo (coastal and overseas) is higher than import cargo (coastal and overseas). The total cargo export from Kerala increased from 77,307 tonne in 2023-24 to 90,608 tonnes in 2024-25.

Table 11.1.7
Cargo Handled through the non-major ports of Kerala 2020-21 to 2024-25, in tonne

Source: Kerala Maritime Board

Out of the 17 non major ports, four ports (Beypore, Kollam, Azhikkal and Vizhinjam) are operational for trade. In 2024-25, only Beypore port (Kozhikode) and Azhikkal port had cargo transportation and Kollam and Vizhinjam port had no trade. The coastal cargo movement through non-major ports shows a fluctuating trend, it is increased from 84,750 tonnes in 2023-24 to 1,01,479 tonnes in 2024-25. Details are given in Appendix 11.1.24.

Revenue from Ports in Kerala

Details of revenue collected through the non-major ports of Kerala from 2020-21 to 2024-25 are given in Table 11.1.8. Non-major ports in Kerala generated Rs 40.49 crore from various port-related activities in 2024-2025. Merchandise transport is considered the main activity of ports. Data shows that the share of export import duties in the total revenue is low over these years. Major share of port revenue (Rs. 28.17 crore) was earned from dredged materials, which is around 69 per cent of the total revenue. Category -wise break up of revenue earned by non-major ports of Kerala is given in Appendix 11.1.25.

Table 11.1.8
Category-wise break up of Revenue collected through the non-major ports of Kerala from 2020-21 to 2024-25, Rs in crore

Source: Kerala Maritime Board

Port Activities and Operations (Non-Major ports in Kerala)

In 2024-25, the total number of sailing vessels (break-bulk ship, mini container vessel, passenger vessel, mini bulk vessel, urus, research vessels, barges and yachts) that arrived at the operational ports in the State was 542, which included 264 steamers and 278 sailing vessels. Of the four operational ports in Kerala, largest number of vessels arrived (372 nos) at Beypore (Kozhikode) port. This was followed by Vizhijnam (148 nos), Kollam (12 nos) and one at Azhikal. The number of steamers that arrived in the Vizhinjam port was higher (148 nos) than in the other ports. Details are shown in Appendix 11.1.26. The infrastructural facilities available in the ports of Beypore, Azhikkal, Kollam and Vizhinjam are detailed in Appendix 11.1.27.

Cochin Port

Cochin Port, the only major port in Kerala spreads over 827 hectares with water frontage of 7.5 km. In addition to rail access (Konkan and Southern Railway), the port is connected to the hinterland via NH 544, NH 66, and NH 185. An inland waterway connecting Kollam and Kottappuram is being developed on either side by the Inland Waterways Authority of India. Because of its closeness to the international sea route connecting Europe, the Far East, and Australia, Cochin port attract a lot of container lines, which provides an immense amount of commercial potential.

The Kochi International Transhipment Terminal (ICTT) locally known as the Vallarpadam Terminal is the first transhipment terminal in India to operate in a SEZ. It is part of the Cochin Port. The first part of the Terminal was commissioned on 11th February 2011. The Terminal can handle cargo up to one million TEUs (Twenty-foot equivalent units) per annum. It is operated by the Dubai Ports World (DPW). The Terminal is located on the Vallarpadam Island in Kochi. In 2024-25, ICTT handled Containers of 8.35 lakh TEUs, shows an increase of 10.7 per cent over 2023-24

Cochin Port has 22 Berths including 1 Single Point Mooring SPM with an effective rated capacity of 80.50 MMTPA. From April to March, 2024-25, Cochin port handled 4.4 per cent of the total cargo handled by India's 12 major ports. Details are given in Table 11.1.9.

Table 11.1.9.
Year Wise Cargo Handled at Cochin Port (In thousand tonnes)

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

Vizhinjam International Seaport Ltd (VISL) -Significant milestone in Kerala's port infrastructure

The Vizhinjam International Seaport, nestled in Thiruvananthapuram, is more than just a port; it's a symbol of India's maritime aspirations. With its strategic location along the Arabian Sea, this deep-sea water container transshipment hub is poised to revolutionise the nation's maritime landscape. Vizhinjam International Transshipment container terminal, the first deep water transshipment terminal in India, with a capacity of 1 Mn TEUs/annum, is commissioned on 3 December 2024. Government of Kerala has constituted a special purpose vehicle namely Vizhinjam International Sea port Limited (VISL) to facilitate the implementation of the project. VISL is functioning on behalf of Government of Kerala in terms of project execution. The Vizhinjam port has many geographical advantages to be developed as an international transshipment terminal. The Vizhinjam international seaport is the only project of Government of Kerala that has been identified and prioritized by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways in its vision document, the Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030.

Out of the total Phase 1 investments of Rs 8667.00 crore, the Government of Kerala's share Rs 5,395 crore (62.25 per cent), and State Government had spent Rs 3474.88 crores. The VGF support of Rs 817.8 crore (9.32 per cent) from the Union Government was released with the condition that it should be repaid with interest after 2034 by sharing 20 per cent of the income from the concession fee. VISL also received NABARD loan of Rs 890 crores and Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) fund Rs 1504 crores (2023-24- Rs 145 crore, 2024-25-Rs 1134 crore, 2025-26- Rs 225 crore). The Concessionaire's (Adani Vizhinjam Port Private Limited) share of investment for Phase 1 is approximately Rs 2,454 crores (28.31 per cent). Over all progress of construction work is given in Appendix 11.1.28.

Major achievements so far

• The first international cargo ship 'Shenhua 15' docked at Vizhinjam International Port, India's first mother port on 15 October 2023.
• A container vessel named, MSC Clause Girardet, an Ultra Large Container Vessel (ULCV) category vessel with 24,116 TEUs capacity had called at the port on 13 September 2024. This is the biggest container vessel to have berthed at any of the South Asian ports.
• The world's largest shipping company, Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC), has included Vizhinjam Port in two of their shipping services: (a) Jade service, connecting Europe and Asia, and (b) the Dragon service, connecting Asia and the Mediterranean. These new routes are expected to increase the frequency of ships docking at Vizhinjam.
• As of November 30, 2025, the Port handled a total of 13,13,609 containers of Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) from 611 vessels and generated a revenue of Rs 534.59, of which, Rs 96.23 crore has been collected as GST. The port is currently operating at an average 137 per cent capacity utilization.
• Administrative Sanction has been obtained for the underground railway connecting the VISL to Balaramapuram railway station for an estimated cost of Rs 1,485 crore. It is for setting up of the 10.77 km railway line (including 9.00 km underground tunnel) and the work handed over to the Konkan Rail Development Corporation. The construction is expected to be completed in December 2028.
• Union Ministry has officially declared Vizhinjam International Seaport as a designated Immigration Check Post (ICP). This status enables the port to conduct dedicated immigration clearances for both passengers and crew members, streamlining entry and exit procedures.

Future development

The State Government entered into a supplementary concession agreement with the Concessionaire on November 28, 2024, extending the concession period of the project by an additional five years. However, the revenue sharing schedule with the concessionaire remains unchanged, as per the original agreement, ensuring early commencement of revenue sharing. The supplementary agreement mandates that the remaining phases of capacity augmentation must be completed by 2028, advancing the timeline from the originally stipulated 2045. This capacity expansion will increase the port's container handling capacity from the current 10 lakh TEUs to 30 lakh TEUs. The port currently handles transshipment cargo, but the focus is now on establishing gateway traffic by December 2025.

Malabar International Port and SEZ Limited (Azhikkal Port)

Malabar International Port and SEZ Limited (MIPS Ltd), a Company wholly owned by the Government of Kerala was incorporated to execute the project for development of Azhikkal Port. Azhikkal Port is envisaged as an international as well as coastal shipping seaport with inter-modal connectivity with SEZs/industrial parks that can funnel cargo to the port and entrepreneurial resources into potential sectors in the Malabar region.

The development of a new seaport for domestic and international cargo in the open sea at Azhikkal is envisaged in 3 Phases - capable of handling up to Panamax size ships (capacity of 4000 to 5000 containers). A 500-metre berth is planned in Phase I, a 300-metre berth in Phase 2 and another 300-metre berth in Phase 3. Once the port becomes fully operational, Azhikkal port will handle even internationally plying ships of around 5000 TEU Panamax vessels with a dredged depth of around 14.1m in the harbour basin. The port can handle containers, liquid bulk, petroleum products, dry bulk and break-bulk cargos. The estimated project cost (including the land acquisition cost) as per the latest financial assessment done by the Technical Consultant M/s.Howe is Rs.5,047 crore: in 3 phases (Rs.3,742+Rs.375+Rs.930 crores respectively) and the Technical Consultants submitted the Draft DPR of the project to the Government of Kerala in September 2023 for approval. As per G.O.(Ms)No.27/2025/F&P dated: 07-11-2025 the Government approved the DPR along with Financial Model submitted by CMD. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report was submitted to KSPCB on 30.01.2025 and application for the Environment Clearance was submitted in the Parivesh Portal on 10.04.2025.

Kottayam Port and Container Terminal Services (KPACT)

Kottayam Port and Container Terminal Services (KPACT), a State notified minor Port located in Kottayam commenced it full operations as a fully-fledged Customs station in 2012. KPACT also functions as a Customs notified Inland Container Depot (ICD), and is currently the only ICD within the State of Kerala. The ICD under the custodianship of KPACT, is situated on the banks of the Kodoor River (NW9), which connects to Vembanad Lake. Notably, Kottayam Port is the first and only ICD in the nation equipped to transship EXIM containers via inland waterway. This unique connectivity to gateway Port Cochin through National Waterways 3 and 9 provides a cost-effective mode of transportation. Kottayam Port plays a vital role in the import/export trade for the central Travancore area, optimizing cargo turnaround time and reducing transportation costs. In the year 2024-25, the port handled 60,575 tonnes of cargo.

Harbour Engineering Department (HED)

The HED carries out investigation, planning, design, evaluation, execution, operation, maintenance and management of fishing harbours and fish landing centres as well as related marine engineering and technical works for the development schemes of the Fisheries and Port Departments. HED functions as a service department of Tourism and LSGD. HED also undertakes development works of state owned ports in Kerala. Kerala Maritime Board entrusts HED for all kind of specialised construction works in the Port sector.

Major achievements of HED in 2024-25

• Documentation of various projects of HED completed.
• An in-house training was implemented to departmental staff through CWPRS Pune and IIIC Kollam.
• Construction of various infrastructure works - (1) Staff quarters at Puthiyanirathu in Kozhikode, (2) Office building complex at Thiruvananthapuram division office, (3) renovation of pond at Kamaleswaram.

Hydrographic Survey Wing (HSW)

Hydrographic Survey Wing (HSW) was established in 1967 with the objectives of investigation and collection of Hydrographic Survey data for inland navigation development of all water bodies of the State of Kerala. HSW is the agency of the State in the port sector conducts investigations and prepares hydrographic charts both in digital and printed format. Such hydrographic charts give direct information on depth of overall water mass, underwater topography, contours, shore and land features and nature of bottom of water mass. The Wing also collects all hydrographic data and forwards to the National Hydrographic Office for updating navigational charts. The wing is equipped with a fleet of seven survey vessels. The Kerala Institute of Hydrography and Advanced Studies (KIHAS), established under the Hydrographic Survey Wing, conducts academic courses to equip the officers. 

A total of 77 surveys were carried out by the Hydrographic Survey Wing during the period 2024-25. Details of the survey are given below Table 11.1.10.

Table 11.1.10
Details of Survey conducted by Hydrographic Survey Wing

Source: Hydrographic Survey Wing

Major initiatives of the HSW during the 14th Five Year Plan

1. Developed 'Jalanethra- Hydrographic Survey Management System', a web based system which facilitates a platform for the customers for availing survey related services/requests online.
2. Developed 'Theeram app', an android mobile app useful to HSW Marine Surveyors for the internal communications and for managing the internal operational processes. All preliminary / reconnaissance surveys can also be managed by this.
3. Developed 'Hydrographic Data Management System (HYMSYS)', an open-source Web-based GIS platform developed by Digital University with the goal of transforming the Hydrographic Data Management process by transitioning to a digital model.
4. Developed 'Bon voyage', QR code-based vessel information and tracking system that help passengers get safety-related information by scanning the QR code on the vessel using their smart phones.
5. Developed 'Augmented reality- Virtual reality', a project which will convert the existing coastal topography into 3D for further understanding of the importance of coastal topography, navigation etc.
6. Conducted a detailed topographic and hydrographic survey district-wise along the entire Kerala coast line of 590 km and detailed hydrographic report and charts were prepared.

   This has multiple uses:

1. Helps in coastal shipping, coastal tourism, aqua culture and for the effective establishment of Kerala IV Rules and coastal security,
2. National Institute of Oceanography uses the charts and data for research and numerical model studies,
3. For specific study of vulnerable coastal stretches of Kerala and for design and solution of coastal protection works by NCCR and irrigation department.
4. For identifying the dangerous hindrances over the navigation area such as submerged rocks, ship-wrecks etc.

1. In connection with various port-led development activities, HSW completed bathymetric survey in Kalpeni, Androth, Kadmat, Kiltan and Cherthlet Island in the Lakshadweep islands.
2. To identify the vulnerable areas and to construct coastal protection, HSW conducted coastal erosion survey in 10 hot spots in Kerala for irrigation department.
3. For survey purpose HSW procured various equipments like an inflatable rubber boat, two DGPS and two eco sounder.
4. Conducted short term Basic Hydrographic Survey Courses (BHC), AutoCAD and GPS courses for 185 students. These students got selected in various survey organizations in and abroad.

Challenges and way forward

Despite progress made, Kerala's maritime sector encountered a range of structural, environmental and financial challenges. Understanding these challenges is critical for refining the strategic direction of the sector and ensuring more robust, inclusive growth in the coming years.

The integration of port development with other sectors will play an important role in future economic development. Several initiatives have taken to increase its investments in port sector by developing ports, augmenting existing facilities, mechanising ports and improving connectivity and logistics. Development of the port infrastructure requires huge investment.

The vision is to transform Kerala into a globally competitive, environmentally sustainable, and technologically advanced maritime economy leveraging its natural coastal advantages, skilled workforce, and inclusive development ethos. This vision recognizes that Kerala's future lies not just in being a transit point for cargo or cruise tourism, but in developing a comprehensive maritime ecosystem integrating ports, logistics, industry, workforce, and communities into a resilient and forward-looking framework.

INLAND WATER TRANSPORT

Inland Water Transport (IWT) in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks, is intended to enhance the overall capacity of transportation network. This is an environment - friendly mode of transportation for freight and passenger movements. Inland waterways have its own natural advantages compared to roads and railways and hence it is important to develop and promote the Inland water transport sector. India's hinterland connectivity is mainly based on road and rail with waterways. Inland Water Transport (IWT) in India has the potential to supplement the over-burdened railways and congested roadways.  In addition to cargo movement, IWT sector also provides a convenient function in related activities such as carriage of vehicles on Roll-on-Roll-off (Ro-Ro) mode of cross ferry and tourism.

The National Waterways Act, 2016 has declared 111 inland waterways as 'National Waterways' (NWs) in the country to promote shipping and navigation on them. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Shipping Ports and Water ways is primarily responsible for the development, maintenance and regulation of those waterways which have been declared as NWs under National Waterways Act, 2016.

Cargo Traffic through Inland Water Transport in India

In the year 2024-25, cargo movement through National Waterways was 145.5 Million Metric Tonne (MMT) as compared to 133.03 MMT in 2023-24, showing a growth of 9.3 per cent (Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, GoI). The Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 document sets a target of 200 MMT for cargo movement through national waterways by 2030.

National Waterways in Kerala

Inland Navigation was the principal mode of passenger and commercial traffic till the middle of the twentieth century. Total length of inland waterways network in the State is estimated to be 1687 km, consisting of the National Waterways maintained by the Inland Waterways Authority of India and the other feeder and link canals maintained by the Coastal shipping and Inland Navigation/Irrigation Department of Kerala State.

As part of a programme for developing waterways by the Central Government, the portion of West Coast Canal (WCC) from Kollam to Kottapuram and Udyogamandal and Champakara Canals were declared as National Waterway 3 in 1993. The NW-3 is now extended up to Kozhikode by the National Waterway Act 2016. After the National waterway Act 2016; three canals were added to National Waterways under class 3 specification of 2.20m draught, 6.0m vertical clearance and 32- 40m width. National Water Ways in Kerala are listed in Table 11.1.11.

Table 11.1.11
National Water Ways in Kerala

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

Total length of WCC is 616 km. There are 1,100 km feeder and link canals connecting WCC and important destinations like commercial centres, ports and tourism spots. WCC can broadly be divided into five sections namely (1) Kovalam-Kollam (74.18 km), (2) Kollam-Kottappuram (Kodungallur) (168 km), (3) Kottappuram-Kozhikode (160 km), (4) Kozhikode-Neeleswaram (187.82 km) and (5) Neeleswaram-Bekal (26 km) respectively. Out of the total length of 616 km, three portions between Mahe and Valapattanam having total length of 26 km are uncut portions. Further extension for 41 km from Neeleswaram to Kasaragod is also under consideration.

Most of the canals in the State was silted up and suffer from many navigation constraints like shallow depth and narrow width, bank erosion, absence of infrastructural facilities like jetties and terminals and navigation aids and need development. Kozhikode-Vadakara stretch is partially navigable. National waterways-3 between Kollam and Kottappuram and the feeder canals of Champakkara and Udyogmandal were developed in class-3 standard and barge services are operating in these canals. The Present status of reaches of WCC is given in Appendix 11.1.29.

Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) mode is the preferred mode for transportation of Over Dimensional Cargo (ODC) because of multiple advantages vis-�-vis land transport. Rail transport doesn't have significant flexibility to accommodate ODC cargo because of standard wagon sizes. Road transport faces significant challenges such as route and time restrictions, the requirement of multiple permissions, and significant effort in carrying out route surveys to carry ODC cargo. IWT mode allows the movement of ODC cargo in a relatively convenient manner. An analysis of cargo movement in NW 3 in the last five years is given in Table 11.1.12.

Table 11.1.12
Cargo Movement in NW.3 (Kollam - Kottapuram portion) during last 5 years in metric million tonnes (MMT)

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Water ways, Government of India

Coastal Shipping and Inland Navigation Department (CSIND)

The Coastal Shipping and Inland Navigation Department is involved in the development of waterways and promotion of Inland Navigation in Kerala. To make the state waterways navigable, the department had undertaken various works. Listing below the works that were completed during the review period -

• Renovation work of the Cicily boat jetty, Hospital boat jetty and Ponjikkara boat jetty in Mulavukad Panchayat
• Three road bridges (Kalleri, Kaliyamvally and Vengoli) in Vadakara- Mahi reach.
• A road bridge at Vengoli across Vadakara- Mahi canal
• Construction of approach road to Moozhikal lock cum bridge
• Boat jetties at Kadinamkulam, Arivalam, Kappil,Ashtamudi-vallakadavu,Nellettilkadavu, Kappilkadavu, Guhanandapuram, Cherikadavu, Tholukadavu
• Tunnel cleaning works of Chilakkoor tunnel
• Construction of lock cum bridge at Veliyamcode in Ponnani Taluk in Malappuram District
• Some of the ongoing projects are - (1) side protection work at the left bank of Kollam thodu from Kanchikkadavu to Mundakkal, (2) renovation of the Kothad boat jetty in Kadamakudy Panchayat, (3) construction of St.Andrews bridge in Thiruvananthapuram district, (4) construction of steel lattice bridge across Parvathy Puthanar, (5)construction of platform and allied works at the Thanthonnithuruthu boat jetty under Cochin Corporation (6) land acquisition for the construction of bridge at Kadakom, Thekkearayathuruth and Vadakkearayathuruth near Anchuthengu kayal, (7) construction of Thrikkunnupuzha Lock cum bridge in Alappuzha district, (8) construction of boat jetties at Danakkadavu, Thriprayar and Enamavu in Thrissur District,(9) development of WCC at Varkala and at Kadinamkulam, (10) Development and revival of historic waterway from Anchuthengu kayal including revival of two tunnels at Varkala reach II from Thazhevettoor to Ramanthali and(11) Construction of 2 Lock cum bridges at Moozhikkal and Karinalimukku in Vadakara-Mahe canal in Kozhikode district.

For developing the waterways, State has formed a Special Purpose Vehicle named Kerala Waterways and Infrastructures Ltd (KWIL)) with equal shares by State Government and CIAL Cochin International Airport Ltd (CIAL) in 2017. The Company has been entrusted with several projects in connection with the development of the proposed West Coast Canal from Kovalam to Bekal along with the various works taken up by the Inland Navigation Department.

Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation. Ltd (KSINC)

Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation Ltd. (KSINC) is the pioneer of inland navigation in the Kerala waterways and is a Government of Kerala undertaking. KSINC owns two yards for the construction and maintenance of small vessels.  KSINC maintains high standards of excellence in every aspect of building, maintaining and operating vessels catering to a wide range of customer requirements. KSINC's own cruise vessels, the premier Sagararani (1 and 2) and the exclusive luxury cruise, Nefertiti are its highlights.

KSINC started tourism operations in 2005. Trips in Sagararani to the sea are scheduled for the general public. Currently, two vessels are operational. It is also the pioneer in mechanised cargo movement in Kerala and still the largest player. KSINC now operates two cargo barges, six petroleum barges, two acid barges and two RO-RO. KSINC earned a net profit of Rs.87.98 Lakh and a turnover of Rs.30.47 crore during 2024-25. Operational statistics of the Inland Water Transport Agencies in Kerala is provided in Appendix 11.1.30.

State Water Transport Department

The State Water Transport Department (SWTD) is an essential service department under the State Government and is committed to cater to the transportation needs of the public residing in the waterlogged areas of Alappuzha, Kottayam, Kollam, Ernakulam, Kannur and Kasaragod Districts. The State Water Transport Department operates across 128 identified routes. The vessels utilized for passenger services include wooden, steel, and solar-based fiberglass models. The SWTD maintains a current fleet strength of 66 vessels. Utilizing this fleet, the department operates approximately 2, 96,075 trips per annum. In the fiscal year 2024-25, the department ferried 106.05 lakh passengers. (Source: SWTD). The operational Statistics of the department is given in Appendix 11.1.31 .

Key Achievements of the department

The State Water Transport Department (SWTD) has marked a historic achievement by initiating a shift towards solar and electric-powered vessels, replacing older wooden boats to modernize its fleet and infrastructure. This movement is epitomized by 'Aditya', India's first solar ferry, which began service in 2017. 'Aditya' has ferried approximately 38.6 lakh commuters over eight years, resulting in a substantial saving of about 3.5 lakh liters of fuel, equating to roughly Rs 2.8 crores for the exchequer, and successfully averting 946 tonnes of Carbon emissions. The operational efficiency is notable, with a solar ferry's daily expense (approx.
Rs 1,000) being significantly lower than a diesel ferry's (approx. Rs 12,000), yielding a quick break-even period of 2.5 years.

Further expanding its green fleet, the SWTD introduced 'Indra', India's largest solar-electric cruise vessel, designed for 100 passengers. This vessel has proven to be a profitable venture, recording a revenue of Rs 22 lakhs in the financial year 2024-25 and maintaining a strong daily average profit of Rs 24,100/-. Beyond 'Indra', the department has strategically launched new tourism-focused vessels that also cater to commuters, significantly promoting water tourism. Key examples include 'Vega-2' (which has earned a cumulative income of Rs 522 lakhs so far with a daily average profit of Rs 19,900/-), 'See Kuttanad' (cumulative earning Rs 163 Lakhs), and 'See Ashtamudi' (cumulative earning Rs 226.36 Lakh till August 2025). Additionally, the overall fleet modernization includes the introduction of 31 safety-enhanced passenger boats under the IRS class.

To support its modernized fleet and ensure operational efficiency, the SWTD has significantly upgraded its repair and maintenance infrastructure. A major achievement is the completion of an innovative Dry Dock in Ponjikkara, Alappuzha, specifically designed for inland navigation vessels. This facility handles a large volume of major and running repair works, leading to considerable cost savings by avoiding expensive private docking charges. Complementing this is the Ayitti Slipway in the Malabar region (Payyannur), a modern repair yard capable of simultaneously handling two vessels. Furthermore, the department has enhanced its rescue capability by procuring five highly advanced rescue vessels. These vessels have proven crucial, notably in evacuating commuters and casualties during the 2018-19 Kuttanad floods and handling approximately 200 medical emergency trips in a recent three-month period.

The SWTD's broader focus on modernization, technological upgrades, and operational efficiency is underpinned by its move towards digital governance. Key digital initiatives have been implemented to streamline both internal and external processes. This includes the launch of an E-office system, which enhances file movement efficiency, reduces the incidence of missing documents, and strengthens data protection for official functioning. Externally, the department created an Online Pass system for Differently Abled Persons (PwDs). This system provides special privileges like free or discounted travel, effectively eliminating the need for physical documentation and ensuring easier, barrier-free access for commuters with disabilities.

Challenges and Opportunities

The development of inland waterways in Kerala faces several interconnected challenges. A key physical constraint is severe siltation and the continuous dumping of solid waste, which significantly reduces the navigable depth and width of canals, making them unusable for commercial traffic and even impacting flood-carrying capacity. Furthermore, efforts to modernize or realign waterways are often hampered by the difficulty of land acquisition in the densely populated state. Also, the sector faces competition from other modes of transport, especially the highly developed road and rail networks, which are often preferred by industries and commuters for their reliability and faster door-to-door connectivity, thereby limiting the utilization of the cost-effective water routes for cargo movement.

The way forward is centered on the rapid completion of the West Coast Canal, with the Kerala Waterways Infrastructure Ltd. (KWIL) driving the major capital work of canal development, dredging to maintain the minimum stipulated depth, and reconstructing bridges to ensure sufficient air-draft for smooth vessel passage. Crucially, the Coastal Shipping and Inland Navigation Department (CSIND) will play a vital role in formulating supportive policies, coordinating the various agencies, and promoting investments, especially for integrating IWT with major ports and logistics hubs across the state. The future success of inland water transport in Kerala hinges on its seamless integration into a multimodal transport network, allowing for efficient first and last-mile connectivity by linking waterway terminals with existing road and rail infrastructure to facilitate passenger and cargo transfer. The revitalization of services and financial viability depends on the combined efforts of operating agencies like the Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation (KSINC) and SWTD, which are modernizing their fleets with eco-friendly vessels like Ro-Ro ferries and solar ferries to attract both cargo and passengers. By focusing on modern terminal development, encouraging public-private partnerships, and ensuring seamless last-mile connectivity, these agencies aim to restore the IWT as a primary, sustainable component of Kerala's transportation backbone.